If your PC has stored the last five characters of the 25-character key for Office 2013, Office 2016, and Office 2019, CMD can work pretty well. In this case, Command Prompt can come to your rescue. Suppose you are mistakenly using Microsoft Office 2013, Office 2016, or Office 2019 and lose your Office product key. Method 4: How to Find Lost Office Product Key Using Command Prompt Step 4: Automatically, your 25-digit original Windows product key will appear to display on your PC's BIOS or UEFI firmware. Wmic path softwarelicensingservice get OA3xOriginalProductKey Step 3: After opening, copy and paste the command mentioned below and then select the Enter key. You can also enter your Windows account password (if asked). Step 2: Once Command Prompt appears in the search results, right-click it to choose Run as Administrator from the appearing window. Step 1: Open the command line application by typing CMD in the Windows search bar. To find your lost Windows Product key using the Command Prompt, you must check the following steps. Method 3: How to Find Lost Windows Product Key Using Command Prompt You can contact your PC manufacturer and ask for help in such a case. Suppose you find the sticker, but the key is rubbed off. Check the card and labels inside the box if you don't find it anywhere on the system or battery. Alternatively, you can look for the key at the top, bottom, back, or anywhere. If you are using a desktop, you can check the side of the desktop case. The key can also be in one of the compartments or the laptop's charger brick. Moreover, you can find the key under the battery if it has a removable battery. For laptops, you may find the key at the bottom. Using that product key, you can reinstall Windows anytime.Įxamine your PC thoroughly to locate the key. This sticker is proof that your system has a genuine Windows copy, and it has the product key imprint on it. So you can check it through a Certificate of Authenticity (COA) sticker on your PC. For example, many PC's come with a System Locked Pre-installation (SLP) that doesn't let you use that key to install Windows. If you are a Windows 7 user, fortunately, your computer's key might be the single key that the manufacturer has used for all the systems. Method 2: How to Find the Windows Product Key Printed on Sticker You can note it down or store it in a safe place. Step 4: Finally, your embedded license key will appear before you. (Get-WmiObject -query 'select * from SoftwareLicensingService').OA3xOriginalProductKey Step 3: Once successfully launched, enter the below-mentioned command and select the Enter key. Step 2: Now, run the Powershell application that opens up. Step 1: Go for the Windows Start menu and type Powershell in the search box. In such a case, you can use Windows Powershell to help get started. Suppose you need to find the UEFI-embedded key and note it down before reinstalling the Windows OS. Method 1: How to Find the Windows Product Key Using Windows Powershell However, before opting for any of the methods mentioned below, remember to use the same version and edition of Windows OS that your PC came with.įor example, suppose your computer came with Windows 7 Home Premium, but in this case, you cannot install Windows 7 Professional. Here are various ways to find lost Windows or Office keys in under minutes. So stay tuned, as we have found five ways to find your lost product keys seamlessly. However, you may need help if you wish to reinstall your OS or Office (to a new PC) and accidentally misplace or lose your product key. These keys are generally stored in the Windows registry in a binary format. But what if you lose it?Ī product key is a 25-character key like XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX-XXXXX. Typically, product keys are crucial to download and installing Windows or Microsoft Office to your system and giving it life. Whenever you purchase Office, a product key comes along with it.
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Y2mate is recognized for its user-friendly interface and extensive capabilities. - Online YouTube Video To MP3 Converter.Select the speed at which you want to download and press the download button.Select and paste the URL of the video you want to convert and hit the search button.You can download the app ‘snaptube’ on your phone. Snappea- Online YouTube Video to Mp3Converter.You can save the file to your Dropbox account using the third option. The second option produces a unique QR code that you may use to listen to your audio on the move by scanning it with your phone.The first of the options is “Download,” which saves the audio file to the default downloads folder on your computer. After that, you’ll see three button alternatives. Simply click the “Convert” button once you’ve decided on the quality.Lower-bitrate MP3s, on the other hand, are typically smaller, so keep that in mind if space is a problem. It’s a common rule that the greater the bitrate (number), the higher the quality of the audio. 64kbps MP3, 128kbps MP3, 192kbps MP3, 256kbps MP3, and 320kbps MP3 are the available alternatives.Copy-paste the video link that you would want to convert and press ‘go’.It is compatible with all popular web browsers and also on android mobile devices. YouTube to Mp3 converter using YouTubetoMP3įree website to convert YouTube videos to MP3 that is quite similar to the above-mentioned sites and is very simple to use.After its converted, you can click on download. Select the speed at which you want to download the video.In the box, copy and paste the Youtube URL for the music or video you wish to convert to mp3 and download.Click on the website 320YTMp3 and follow the given steps This is another easy-to-use and converts free YT videos to Mp3 converter.
They can "mutate" in their meaning but maintain their structure, or vice versa, such mutation occurring by chance or by deliberate means such as parody. Internet memes may stay the same or evolve over time. The pattern, as depicted in red, shows an initial spike in popularity followed by a gradual taper to obscurity. Evolution and propagation Internet memes propagate in a similar pattern to infectious disease, as shown by this SIR model. Lastly, a meme's longevity was described as essential for a meme's ongoing transmission and evolution. the various pop culture-referencing renditions of the Star Wars Kid viral video), and anomalous juxtaposition (e.g. the comically translated video game line " All your base are belong to us"), intertextuality (e.g. Fecundity was postulated to be determined by three main characteristics: humour (e.g. It was found that the fidelity of internet memes was better understood as replicability, as memes, though preserving their essence, are often not transmitted entirely "intact" (due to remixing of some sort). Ī study by Michele Knobel and Colin Lankshear explored three characteristics of successful memes identified by Richard Dawkins (fidelity, fecundity, and longevity) with Internet memes. Other memes, in contrast, have broader cultural relevance and can be understood even by those outside the subculture one would associate with the meme. Memes can involve in-jokes within online communities, which communicate exclusive cultural knowledge unbeknown to general users through this, a collective group identity can be built. This gives new meaning to the scene from the music video and blends the political and cultural aspects of two different nations. For example, a meme may combine United States politician Mitt Romney's assertion of the phrase " binders full of women" from a 2012 US presidential debate with the Korean pop song " Gangnam Style" by overlaying the text "my binders full of women exploded" onto a frame from Psy's music video where paper blows around him. Intertextuality may be demonstrated through memes that combine different subjects or aspects of culture. Remix uses the original material of the meme but alters it in some way using technology-based manipulation (such as Photoshop). Mimicry refers to the reproduction of a meme in a different setting to the original (e.g., different people imitating the " Charlie Bit My Finger" viral video). The former refers to the tendency of a popular meme to become subject to parody and imitation, which may occur by mimicry or remix. Two central attributes of Internet memes are creative reproduction and intertextuality. For example, they often serve as simply light entertainment, but can also be powerful tools for self-expression, connection, social influence, and political subversion. There is no single format that memes must follow, and they can have various purposes. Internet memes are also seen as less conceptually abstract compared to their traditional counterpart. Though the terms are related, Internet memes differ in that they are often short-lasting fads, while traditional memes have their success determined by longevity. On the Internet, this spread occurs through online mediums such as social media. Internet memes come from the original concept of memes as an element of culture passed on from person to person. Although some argue memes deserve fair use protection, use of media from pre-existing works can sometimes lead to issues with copyright. They appear in a range of contexts, such as marketing, economics, finance, politics, social movements, religion, and healthcare. Memes are considered an important part of Internet culture, and have become a developed research area. More recent genres include "dank" and surrealist memes, as well as short-form videos such as those uploaded on Vine and TikTok. With the rise of social media platforms such as YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, memes have become more diverse and can spread quickly. Mike Godwin coined the term Internet meme in 1993 when he discussed memes as spreading via messageboards, Usenet groups, and email. The name is from the concept of memes proposed by Richard Dawkins in 1972. Characteristics of memes include their susceptibility to parody, their use of intertextuality, their propagation in a viral pattern, and their evolution over time. Internet memes can take various forms, such as images, videos, GIFs, and various other viral sensations. An Internet meme, or simply meme ( / m iː m/, MEEM), is a cultural item (such as an idea, behaviour, or style) that is spread via the Internet, often through social media platforms. The other group is called a troop follower which are used primarily for carrying large amounts of loot or items from one place to another. You begin the game playing one of these survivors, but you can switch between survivors using the Community screen. Each survivor in your community has a unique blend of skills, traits, and personality. These survivors are called your community. Courier followers travel with you everywhere while mounted couriers are used mainly for traveling in cities. When playing State of Decay 2, you control a group of survivors. The new follower system has various benefits, like you wont have to wait. These followers can be converted to a regular follower or a courier. This allows you to have as many followers as you want to wherever you go in the game. There are many different types of followers, which are split into two groups. These followers follow you even when you aren't following them. This also means that you will not have to waste precious time looking for them when you get back or after a mission. I only saw 2 videos with more followers mod, and one had no link, while other was somehow done with dev console mod, not sure if it still works, or if the follower function works on. Is there a mod or something, someone messed with that allows us to bring more than 1 AI with us. The new follower system has various benefits, like you won't have to wait for them to respawn, they won't leave when you go out of range or when you get too tired, they won't trigger vampire attacks or ambushes on your character and they won't leave when you get a message that tells you that they are following you. Mod that allows us (PC) to bring more survivors with. It isn't arguing that having a follower is the most effective or best way to experience SoD2. This is not a slam on people who prefer to play solo. Before getting started, I want to clarify what this guide is not. This allows you to have as many followers as you want to wherever you go in the game. I used followers 90 of the time with the community at large and 100 of the time with Ethan & Moose, even against hostile enclaves. Paks with info.txt or metadata.json files will display their information in the UI, even when importing from zips. Here's a video looking at the mod menu in a game called State of Decay I hope you enjoyed and the mod menu is right below this This is also the YOSE versio. Zips with multiple paks allow selection of multiple paks for import. Softonic review Warhammer Online Guide to Multiple FollowersĬreated for skim special edition, Multi-Followers Framework is a game mod that adds a new follower limit of 512 during game play. General Features: Import new mods via 'Add Mod' button or by dropping Pak/Zip files directly onto the UI. It’s a great program and I love that there is no commitment. Because they automatically deliver the filters we have a physical reminder to change them. They delivers the air filters and fridge filters whenever you need them. We often forgot to replace our home’s air filters so I signed up to have filters automatically delivered with Second Nature. Replacing our air filters regularly is really important to his well-being. We have central air and an asthmatic child. If there is a lot of debris, consider using a shop vac instead of your home vacuum or clean out the debris with your gloved hands. But first, you may want to clean the window sills and screens with a vacuum. When the weather is warm, you want to open up those windows. Cleaning your fan means less dust flying around the room and the blades work more effectively. Then, holding the pillowcase against the blade between your hands, wipe down the length of the blade, knocking the dust off and into the pillowcase! Then simply do each blade until done! Afterward, you can shake excess dust off the pillowcase outdoors before simply throwing it into the washing machine. Try this trick to clean off ceiling fan blades! Grab a pillowcase and make sure your fan is off! Standing on a step stool, place the fan blade inside the pillowcase. (Of course, a fresh coat of paint makes any space feel fresh and clean!) Oil and dirt from hands can discolor or damage surfaces, especially paint and wood, over time if not properly cleaned. When possible, wipe down every surface that is touched. Door/ window frames, handrails, walls.Wipe down the entire inside (including the freezer) Work quickly to avoid lowering the temperature too much. Usually, I do a quick vacuum and wipe each baseboard down. Baseboards and other trim around your home get really dusty and it’s easy to forget to keep them clean throughout the year. Depending on the type of flooring, resealing may be necessary or desired to extend the life of the material. Beyond regular sweeping and vacuuming, this is a great time to shampoo carpets and steam-clean floors. If not, remove extra dust with a dry cloth or duster before wiping them down with a damp cloth to remove any extra debris. If possible, remove and wash them in your washing machine. Even with regular dusting, these can often trap extra dust and allergens. While every area of your home should be addressed, there are some areas or parts of your home that could typically use a little extra attention. But knowing the benefits that will come with the process can help keep us motivated throughout. This will save you time, money, and frustration down the roadĬleaning is not a task that most people really enjoy.
After finally tracking Sarah to a club at the same time as the Terminator, he rescues her and in the ensuing chase, introduces himself and tells Sarah the reason why the Terminator is hunting her, the impending doom of the human race and the future significance carried by her and her unborn son, but they are subsequently captured by the police after the Terminator's car crashes and Sarah and Kyle are surrounded. You've been targeted for termination." - Kyle Reese informally introduces himself to Sarah Connor, The TerminatorĪrriving unarmed and not knowing what the Terminator looks like in its disguise, Reese quickly dresses, arms himself with a shotgun and sets out to track the woman he has been assigned to protect. Once Reese had gone through, the time travel equipment would be destroyed, leaving only Reese and the Terminator in 1984. It would be Reese who would volunteer himself to go back. Realizing what Skynet was attempting to do, John Connor sends a soldier to protect himself from the machine menace. The Terminator The Terminator: Dawn of Fate The Terminator Skynet however would have a final move left: using time displacement equipment, Skynet would send one of its most feared machines (the Terminator) back to Thursday, May 12, 1984, to kill the young Sarah Connor, known to have been the eventual mother of John Connor, the leader of the Resistance, and thus prevent the birth of Connor and his future rebellion. The Resistance was able to smash Skynet's defense grid allowing them to enter Skynet's main complex and attempt to destroy it. The final assault would eventually allow the human resistance to cripple Skynet. John Connor and the resistance would eventually rally enough remaining humans and resources to launch an assault on Skynet. After leaving the camps, Reese served in the 132nd division under Justin Perry from 2021 to 2027 up to the end of the Oregon and New Mexico offensives, before transferring as a sergeant to Tech-Com under John Connor himself. Reese's freedom would come when a Tech-Com, a resistance movement, led by John Connor (whom Reese would unwittingly father during his journey to the past and ironically consider his closest friend), freed him and the others from Skynet. He survived the capture and killing of his fellow humans only to serve as a slave in one of Skynet's concentration camps, where he and others were forced to load huge numbers of dead bodies into Skynet's furnaces to be incinerated. Reese was one of the last remaining humans who achieved a victory over the machines. Kyle Reese was born during or after the first wars around 2003, to Dennis Reese and Mary Shea. Kyle Reese in 2029 Main article: Kyle Reese/Original timeline The original GTAForums thread was later reinstated, albeit locked for new comments, and with all links to stolen material removed. Messages on both sites explained that they were complying with requests from Take-Two to remove any and all copyrighted material. The next day, both GTAForums and the GTA 6 subreddit removed threads featuring the leaked content. As reported by VGC, takedown requests appeared to come from individuals with Rockstar email addresses, all but confirming that the leaks were legitimate. Later that same day, leaked videos on multiple platforms were removed at the request of Take-Two Interactive. The hacker also shared what looks to be various GTA 6 assets, and code from the game. “Here are 90 footage/clips from GTA 6,” they wrote. The leak was from a user named “teapotuberhacker” who also claimed to be the same person who hacked the ride-hailing app Uber earlier this month. The clips also seemingly confirmed some rumors about GTA 6 that were already spreading online, such as the existence of male and female protagonists. Various clips, with unfinished assets, showed off several elements of the game in development including parts of the world, gunplay, and NPC AI. The leaks quickly spread to other social media sites like Twitter and YouTube. On September 18, it became an unexpected home to leaked assets from the still-in-development Grand Theft Auto 6. GTAForums is one of the most popular online discussion boards to talk about all things Grand Theft Auto. The Leaks Begin: ‘Here are 90 Footage/clips From GTA 6’ Rockstar parent company Take-Two Interactive and its CEO Strauss Zelnick followed up by saying more of GTA 6 would be shared on “Rockstar’s schedule.” However, with the announcement coming from a press release with no additional materials, it seemed that GTA 6 was still early in development. While undoubtedly still popular, continuing to hype a decade-old game was wearing thin for some fans and the announcement of the next GTA game felt long overdue. “We look forward to sharing more as soon as we are ready, so please stay tuned to the Rockstar Newswire for official details.”īefore the announcement, Rockstar mainly discussed the ongoing success of Grand Theft Auto 5 and GTA Online, both of which were receiving next-gen updates. “e are pleased to confirm that active development for the next entry in the Grand Theft Auto series is well underway,” Rockstar wrote earlier this year. Please pace yourselves.Rockstar officially announced the next Grand Theft Auto game on February 4, 2022, in a press release. Nothing, at least when it comes to video games, seems to parallel the excitement for Grand Theft Auto 6 more than a year away from its launch. Battlefield 1 official reveal trailer – 71 millionĮven the first trailer for Grand Theft Auto 5, perhaps the only game whose anticipation matched that of its sequel in recent history, has only 103 million views after over a decade.Super Mario Odyssey Nintendo Switch presentation trailer – 55 million.Cyberpunk 2077 E3 2018 trailer – 23 million.The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom E3 2019 first look trailer – 16 million.Elden Ring gameplay reveal – 12 million.Here’s where some recent tentpoles topped out: It’s difficult to find info on 24-hour figures on game trailers for comparison’s sake, but it’s easy to assume Grand Theft Auto 6 blew them out of the water going by lifetime views for reveals of similarly long-awaited releases. While Guinness has not proven to be a consistently reliable source, a look back at recent major game reveals helps back up the record-breaking assertion, at least relative to other game trailers. “Butter” and “Dynamite” were watched 108 million and 101 million times in their first days on YouTube, respectively. Only two such uploads garnered more views over the course of their first 24 hours online than the Grand Theft Auto 6 trailer, according to YouTube, and they’re both from South Korean boy band BTS. The achievement is still impressive if we include music videos. I’m suddenly thrilled for the developers at Rockstar Games? A screenshot posted to Reddit shows that GTA 6 broke Mr. Beast previously held the “most non-music video YouTube views in 24 hours” crown with “Every Country On Earth Fights For $250,000,” uploaded in Aug. “I’m sure you can imagine some of the reasons why,” he continued. But our final launch… is by far the most important milestone of all.” Desch said. 14, 2017, which was amazing and very important. There was a lot of excitement when our first launch finally occurred two years ago on Jan. “We broke ground on Iridium Next back in 2007, and we got started in earnest in about 2010. The Iridium Next satellites were connected to their dispensers inside a clean room at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, before mating to the Falcon 9 rocket. The Aireon instrumentation will track air traffic worldwide, including planes traveling outside the range of conventional ground-based radars. Designed for ships, airplanes and other users on-the-go, Iridium Certus will provide Iridium customers with up to 1.4 megabits per second of L-band connectivity, up from 128 kilobits per second available with the previous generation of satellites.Įach Iridium Next satellite also hosts a host radio receiver for Aireon, an affiliate of Iridium established in partnership with air traffic control authorities in Europe and Canada. One of the new Iridium services, named Iridium Certus, will permit customers to transmit and receive higher-bandwidth messages, including high-definition video and Internet connections. The satellites set for launch Friday will head into Plane 3 of the Iridium fleet, and the liftoff is timed to the second with an instantaneous launch window to precisely place the payloads in the correct orbit. The bulk of the fleet far outlived that lifetime projection, and the new satellites have a double mission as replacements for the company’s aging and outdated 1990s-era constellation, and as vehicles to introduce new services to expand beyond Iridium’s bread-and-butter telephone and message relay functions. Iridium’s first-generation “Block 1” satellites, built by Lockheed Martin, launched from 1997 through 2002 and were designed for seven-year missions. The company’s communications network operates on 66 active satellites spread among six orbital planes, plus spares, with inter-satellite radio links to relay voice and data traffic without connecting through ground stations on Earth. Iridium already has 65 new-generation “Iridium Next” satellites in orbit, and all are “happy and healthy,” Desch said. Matt Desch, Iridium’s chief executive, told reporters before the launch that the addition of 10 more satellites to the network - enough to complete the total replacement of the constellation - is “a huge deal.” Steven, is not expected to attempt to catch the Falcon 9’s nose shroud Friday. The launch company’s net-fitted payload fairing retrieval ship, Mr. SpaceX plans to land the Falcon 9’s first stage again after Friday’s launch on a drone ship positioned the Pacific Ocean a few hundred miles south of Vandenberg. The two-stage rocket will deploy the 10 satellites - built in partnership by Thales Alenia Space and Northrop Grumman Innovations Systems - one at a time over a 15-minute period approximately an hour after liftoff. EST 1531:33 GMT) Friday from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. The 229-foot-tall (70-meter) Falcon 9 rocket, powered by a reused first stage booster that previously flew in September from Cape Canaveral, is set for liftoff at 7:31:33 a.m. With Friday’s launch, SpaceX and Iridium will have teamed up for the launch of 75 payloads on eight Falcon 9 flights since January 2017, giving Iridium a full complement new spacecraft to fully replace and upgrade its aging voice and data relay network. The launch of 10 more upgraded spacecraft aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket Friday will complete the build-out of Iridium’s modernized $3 billion global communications network, setting up for the debut of new broadband and aircraft tracking services in the coming months. Artist’s concept of Iridium Next satellites providing aircraft tracking coverage. Then use the FriXion pen when filling out the form or writing on the template page. Since it will not wipe off the page, you can use them to create a standard page template within your Rocketbook. With that said, some people use non-erasable pens or markers to make templates and checklists that they can continuously reuse. The Wave model is slightly different in that you put the notebook in the microwave to erase your notes. Wait for each one to fully dry before wiping the next one. Simply wet a cloth and wring it out tightly, then wipe your pages clear. There are no special cleaners needed, either. You have to be careful your cloth is not too wet, nor too dry. Cleaning and Reusing A NotebookĮrasing is as simple as wiping it down with a damp cloth. If you try to use a whiteboard marker, you will not be able to erase it later. You must use the included Rocketbook pen, or a Pilot FriXion pen if you want to be able to wipe the pages clean and reuse them later.Įven though the paper may resemble whiteboards, you cannot use whiteboard markers on them. It’s important to know that the pages will not erase if you do not use the correct compatible writing implement. Then each time you scan the code with the app, you select an icon to have those notes automatically sent to the desired service you’ve associated with that icon.Īfter syncing your notes, sketches, or creative projects, you can erase what you’ve written in your physical notebook so it can be reused again. In fact, each page has a QR code at the bottom, which you can configure with your desired services. These are then available to search and share online with other popular cloud apps such as Dropbox, Evernote, OneNote, Google Drive, and email. When you’re ready to save what you’ve written, you simply scan them with your Android or Apple phone into the Rocketbook app. You write, sketch, draw, number, doodle, or even jot out a letter in them by hand using an appropriate pen, marker, or highlighter. Most of them feature a dot grid on each page, which can be useful for different functions. Rocketbook notebooks and planners have specially designed pages that are similar to portable whiteboards. Currently, the following models are available for purchase: There are multiple variations of notebooks and planners available, and they come in executive size, standard size, and even miniature size to fit your personal digital writing needs. This physical notebook or planner allows you to take notes in it by hand using a compatible pen, then lets you save your notes to the cloud via the Rocketbook note-taking app.Īfter your notes are saved, you can then erase the ink in your physical notebook and use it again. It is a reusable notebook that you can create handwritten notes in. Rocketbook is a combination of standard and modern note-taking. This conundrum is why Rocketbook was created. Writing on standard paper feels wasteful, unsustainable, and it’s difficult to transfer the notes to more flexible digital forms. Basically, because we can keep pace typing but we can’t keep pace with handwriting, it means we have different ways of encoding the information, which in turn leads to richer memory.īut using paper is distasteful to many because it’s not sustainable. And when we learn new information, for example at school or in a university lecture, we don’t write verbatim, which means we have to create our own summaries and concepts. When we write by hand, we have to coordinate verbal and fine movement systems. In fact, emerging research is showing us that writing things with pen and paper helps you remember material better than typing notes on a computer. Despite the great move to all things digital in the modern world, there is still a strong need for written notes. Increased serum creatinine may be due to: The normal value for serum creatinine can range from 0.7-1.2 mg/dL (62–106 μmol/L). Gastrointestinal bleeding, due to the proteins present in the bloodĭecreased BUN is less common.Decreased blood flow to the kidneys, such as in congestive heart failure, shock (severe low blood pressure), burns, severe heart attack, and dehydration.Acute or chronic kidney disease, damage, or failure, such as those caused by diabetes and high blood pressure.The normal value of BUN can range from 7 – 20 mg/dL. The normal range for BUN, serum creatinine vary among laboratories. Photo Source: What Do the Test Results Mean? Picture 2: Blood being withdrawn from a vein in the arm. Drink enough water during the 24 hours prior to the test. Do not eat more than 8 oz (227 g) of meat or other protein-rich food for 24 hours prior to the test. ( 6) For Serum Creatinineĭo not exercise strenuously for 2 days (48 hours) prior to the test. How should you prepare for the tests? For BUNĭo not eat too much meat or other protein-rich food for 24 hours prior to the test. Monitoring the effectiveness of dialysis ( 4, 5). Monitoring of kidney function in patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes, congestive heart failure, and heart attack.Monitoring of kidney function before starting on particular drug treatments.Confirmation of suspected kidney disease.Acutely ill patients that come to the emergency room and/or is admitted to the hospital.( 4, 5) When are the tests ordered?īUN and serum creatinine may be ordered as part of the basic metabolic panel (BMP) or comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), which are sets of tests ordered in: It is particularly useful in differentiating acute and chronic kidney disease. ( 3) Why are BUN, Serum Creatinine, and BUN/Creatinine Ratio Assessed?īUN and serum creatinine are commonly assessed together to evaluate kidney function, to diagnose kidney disease, and to monitor patients with acute or kidney disease.īUN/creatinine ratio is useful in determining the more specific causes of abnormalities in the levels of BUN and serum creatinine. ( 2) BUN/ Creatinine RatioīUN/creatinine ratio is the ratio of BUN to serum creatinine. Creatinine is freely filtered but not reabsorbed in the kidneys. It is released in the blood, and eventually reaches the kidneys for excretion through the urine. Creatinine is a waste product produced by the muscles during the metabolism of creatine phosphate, a substance involved in energy production in muscles.Ĭreatinine is produced at a relatively constant rate every day, depending on muscle mass, which is relatively unchanged from day to day. Serum creatinine is a laboratory test that measures the amount of creatinine in the blood. Urea is freely filtered and reabsorbed by the kidneys. Urea is released by the liver into the blood, and eventually reaches the kidneys for excretion through the urine. Protein metabolism produces ammonia, which is eventually converted to the less toxic waste product, urea.
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